(2011) in their study hypothesized that patients with severe EF damage would score worse when more internal memorization strategies were needed to complete a task conversely, participants with a greater deficit in memory functions would have scored worse when memory involvement was predominant. TMS presents a type of verbal learning task in which, through consecutive stages, the need to enact internal memory strategies should be progressively reduced.
This tool allows us to test whether a deficit found in a memory task could be associated with a primary memory problem or whether that deficit could be due to an executive problem affecting memory performance. (2011) built the Test of Memory Strategies (TMS) to evaluate the impact of EF on performing a memory task. However, none of them assess the interaction between EF and memory in a parametric way. With few exceptions, such as the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT, Carlesimo, 2014), California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT-II, Woods et al., 2006), short story recall ( Carlesimo et al., 2002), and Wechsler Memory Scale ( Dumont et al., 2014), classical neuropsychology views have promoted the use of separate tests ( Goretti et al., 2014 Mattioli et al., 2014) to assess M and EF in different conditions and diseases ( Lis et al., 2008 Vaccaro et al., 2018). The assessment of this interaction would be helpful to understand whether a bad performance on an episodic memory test is due to a primary impairment on executive functions or memory ( Bäckman, 2008 Saenz et al., 2015 Stramaccia et al., 2018 Yubero et al., 2011). Until recently, there were not many neuropsychological tests to evaluate the interaction between EF and M functions. Despite brain imaging and neuropsychology findings, there is a shortage of psychometric tests that examine the interaction between EF and M constructs.
When training was performed on attention and executive functions, the results showed generalized improvements also to memory ( Moro et al., 2015). (2015) utilized a training program to teach specific strategies and metacognitive skills to enable patients to perform attention and executive tasks. Other studies, however, such as Moro et al. These findings provide new insights into the neural mechanisms underlying the interaction between impaired EF and M deficits in amnestic mild cognitive impairment patients and suggest that the EF network may mediate episodic memory performance in patients with mild cognitive impairment ( Yuan et al., 2016). A mediation analysis revealed that the EF network had an indirect positive effect on episodic memory performance in the amnestic mild cognitive impairment patients ( Yuan et al., 2016). Therefore, executive function and memory deficits occur in most neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, and many other diseases ( Arevalo-Rodriguez et al., 2015 Khan et al., 2014 Litvan et al., 1994). Their studies showed that individual differences in EF in older adults correlate with the effectiveness of recovery in both episodic and semantic memory, but also that these relationships depend on the specific tests chosen to represent both EF and the memory recovery ( Craik et al., 2018). From their studies it emerges that no task is a pure measure of the theoretical constructs of EF or of episodic and semantic memory. In fact, one of the questions they asked was whether these age-related difficulties reflected a common cause: a recovery problem related to inefficient EF. (2018) conducted two studies investigating these two important aspects of memory problems in older adults who have difficulty retrieving recent episodic events and an often-transient inability to retrieve names and other well-known facts from semantic memory. Previous literature has observed that the EF has a vital role in the performance of M tasks ( Brooks, Weaver & Scialfa, 2006 Li et al., 2016). It is always hard to interpret whether a failure in a memory test is mainly due to a primary memory deficit or to an impairment of executive functions (EF). Previous research has shown that executive functions are related to performance in episodic memory (M) tasks ( Brooks, Weaver & Scialfa, 2006).
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